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The
Israeli-Palestinian Battles and Military
Campaigns—(1964-Present): As
shown in the Israeli-Palestinian
Conflict page,
the historical and religious animosity between
Israel and the Palestinians runs deep. After the
formation of the Palestine
Liberation Organization, and under the
leadership of Yasser Arafat, Palestinian
guerilla/commando/terrorist groups began a series
of organized and increasingly violent attacks on
Israel itself and on Israeli targets around the
world. Israel responded in various ways, including
commando raids of their own, assassinations of PLO
leaders and operatives around the world, and, at
times, full-scale invasions of neighboring
countries which gave the PLO aid and
sanctuary. --December 26, 1968 --two Palestinian gunmen
traveled from Beirut to Athens, and attacked an El
Al jet and killed one. On December 28,1968, Israel
troops landed in Beirut, Lebanon and destroyed 13
civilian aircraft at Beirut International
Airport. --May 8, 1970: Three Palestinian gunmen crossed
the Lebanese border into the agricultural community
of Avivim and ambushed the local school bus,
killing nine children and three adults, and
wounding 19 other children. --September 4, 1972: Munich Olympic's
Massacre--Members of "Black September," a PLO
offshoot, attacked the Israeli Olympic team in
their dormitory at the 1972 Munich Olympic
Games in
Germany. As a result of the hostage-taking and the
bungled attempt by the Germans to rescue the
prisoners, eleven Israeli athletes and one German
policman were killed. This attack prompted Israel
to launch "Operation Wrath of God" and "Operation
Spring of Youth." See below for details. --Beginning in the Fall of 1972: Israel's
launched "Operation Wrath of God" to track
down and kill members of the PLO involved in the
Munich attack. This operation continued for several
years and resulted in the assassinations of several
members of the PLO around the world. --March 1, 1973: Eight members of Black
September took over the Saudi Arabian embassy in
Khartoum, Sudan. Among the hostages were two
American diplomats, Ambassador Cleo Noel, and
Deputy Ambassador George Curtis Moore. Both
Americans and Belgian diplomat, Guy Eid were
killed. --April 9-10, 1973:Israel's "Operation Spring
of Youth" was launched as part of the Israel's
overall response to the Munich Olympic
Attack. Special units of the Israeli Defense Forces
attacked several PLO targets in Beirut and Sidon,
Lebanon. In this operation, three of the PLO leaders
(Yusef Al Najjar, Kamal Adwan and Kamal Nasserin),
were killed, along with several dozen other PLO
personnel. Several Lebanese security people and
civilians were also died in this operation. Israel
suffered two casualties in this attack. -- April 11, 1974: three guerillas of the
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
(PFLP), infiltrated the Israeli settlement of
Kiryat Shmona from Lebanon, killing eighteen
residents of an apartment building, including nine
children. The attackers died in battle with Israeli
troops. --May 15, 1974: Fighters of the Democratic Front
for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) entered the
Israeli border town of Ma'alot from Lebanon, killed
five adults and seizing hostages in a school
building. All of the attackers died in battle with
Israeli forces, but not before they killed 21 of
the school's students. --June 27-July 4, 1976: "Operation
Entebbe": On June 27, an Air France flight from
Tel Aviv was hijacked by four terrorists, two from
the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
— External Operations (PFLP-EO) and two from
the German terrorst group, "Revolutionäre
Zellen." The plane eventually ended up at Entebbe
Airport in Uganda, which was then ruled by dictator
Idi Amin. Amin was friendly to the Palestinian
cause, and aided the terrorists. Once on the
ground, three more Palestininans joined the
hijackers. Demands were made for the release of
prisoners held by Israel. Israel responded with a commando raid on the
night of July3/July 4. Around 100 Israeli troops in
four military transport planes landed at night and
rescued the hostages. As a result of the rescue
operation,100 of the 103 hostages were freed. Three
hostages died. One Israeli soldier died, while 45
Ugandan soldiers were killed eleven Ugandan Army
Air Force fighter planes were destroyed on the
ground to prevent them from following the Israeli
air planes carrying the rescued hostages and the
troops. --March 5,1975: A force of eight PLO fighters
sailed from to Tel Aviv by sea from Lebanon. Once
inside Israel, they entered the Savoy Hotel, and
took dozens of hostages. In the ensuing battle for
the hotel, seven of the eight Palestinians and
three Israeli troops died, while eight civilians
were killed and 19 wounded. -- March 11, 1978: Eight Fatah guerillas entered
Israel from Lebanon. After killing an American
tourist on the beach, the guerillas hijacked a bus
on the coastal road near Haifa. In the ensuing bus
chase and battle, six Palestinian guerillas and 35
of the passengers died. Seventy-One civilians were
wounded. Israel's response to this "Coastal Road
Massacre" was to launch a full-scale invasion
of South Lebanon in order to root out the PLO
forces based there. -- March 14, 1978: Israel launched Operation
Litani,a full-scale invasion of South Lebanon
with 25,000 troops in an effort to force the PLO
away from Israel's vulnerable northern border --July 27, 1980: Attack on Jewish school in
Antwerp, Belgium by terrorists associated with the
Palestinian Abu Nidal. --July 27, 1980: Abu Nidal claimed
responsibility for the murder of an Israeli
commercial attachee in Brussels, Belgium. --May 1, 1981: Assassination of Heinz Nittel in
Vienna, Austria by Abu Nidal's forces. Nittel was
President of the Austrian-Israeli Friendship
Association. --June 3, 1982: Attempted assassination in
London of Israeli Ambassador to the United Kingdom,
Shlomo Argov. Israel accused the PLO of the attack,
and the Argov attack was one of the incidents which
provoked the Israeli invasion of Lebanon on June 6,
1982 called "Operation Peace in Galilee. Argov
survived the attack, but was permanently
disabled. --September 25, 1985: Three Israeli civilians
were killed on their yacht off the coast of
Larnaca, Cyprus by commandoes of al-Fatah's elite
"Force 17." --Oct. 1, 1985: Israel's "Operation Wooden
Leg," attempted to kill PLO Chairman Yasser
Arafat with an air raid on his headquarters in
Tunis, Tunisia. Arafat survived, though at least 60
members of the PLO died. Israel said this attack
was in response to the yacht attack off Larnaca,
Cyprus. --Oct. 7, 1985: The hijacking of the
passenger cruise ship Achille Lauro.
Members of the Palestine Liberation Front (PLF),
led by Abu Abbas, killed Jewish American tourist
Leon Klinghoffer. After several days, the hijackers
agreed to a deal in which they would release the
ship in return for a flight to Tunisia. The
Egyptian airliner carrying the hijackers was
intercepted by U.S. Navy fighter planes on Oct. 10
and forced it to land at a military base in Italy,
where the terrorists were arrested by Italian
authorities. --December 27, 1985: Rome/Vienna Airport
Attacks--Abu Nidal's Fatah - the Revolutionary
Council (FRC) staged two attacks in Europe which
killed 18 civilians and wounded 140. The terrorists
attacked passengers at airports in Rome and Vienna.
The FRC claimed these attacks were in response to
the October 1st Israeli air raid on Tunis. See Gaza
War (2008-2009) for latest fighting
between Palestinians and Israelis. Copyright
© 1998-2010 Roger A. Lee and History Guy
Media; Last Modified: 03.11.10 "The
History Guy" is a Registered Trademark. |
See Gaza
War (2008-2009) for latest
fighting between Palestinians and
Israelis. Please
cite this source when appropriate: Lee,
R. "The History Guy: The Israeli-Palestinian
Battles and Campaigns (1964-Present)" http://www.historyguy.com/israeli-palestinian_battles.html Nakba--Recounts
al-Nakba (Arabic for "The
Cataclysm") in which large
portions of the Palestinian
population fled Palestine during
the 1948-1949 Arab-Israeli War.
Fateh
Online--English
language version of the al-Fatah
movement's website. BBC
NEWS | In Depth | Israel and the
Palestinians
--Objective
information from the
BBC. The
Electronic Intifada
--Official
website of the Palestinian
National Authority. Middle
East 101
--Click
on "Sticking Points" for a
succinct rundown of the issues
from both sides, courtesy of the
Christian Science
Monitor. Mideast:
Centuries of Conflict
--CNN's
In-Depth Special makes a good
starting point for background
information and news. Go to
"Maps: Occupied lands" for a
helpful clickable map of the
disputed regions. PREDECESSOR:
(Related conflicts and events that
occurred before) CONCURRENT:
(Related conflicts occurring at the same
time) Suez/Sinai
War
(1956) 1967
Arab-Israeli War
(1967) War
of Attrition (1968-1970) 1973
Arab-Israeli War (1968-1970) Jordanian
Civil War (1970-1971) Lebanese
Civil War
(1975-1992) Israeli
Invasion & Occupation of South
Lebanon
(1982-2000) Second
Persian Gulf War/Operation Desert
Storm
(1990-1991) Third
Persian Gulf War/ Iraq
War (2003-Present) SUCCESSOR:
(Related conflicts that occur
later) Israel,
the West Bank and Gaza Strip are at the
center of the Israeli-Palestinian
conflict. Map from the CIA World
Factbook-Israel http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/is.html
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