Kurdish
Revolt—1922-1924
-Rebellion
by Iraqi Kurds against the British Mandate. Kurdish
tribesmen, led by Sheikh Mahmud, a powerful Kurdish
leader, attempted to establish an independent Kurdish
nation. British forces, primarily using airpower,
suppressed the rebellion. This turned out to be the
first of many Kurdish rebellions against the British
Mandate and later, against the Iraqi government. As
with many of the later Kurdish uprisings, the rebels were
put down with some aid from rival Kurds.
It
should be noted that many similar and often related
Kurdish uprisings took place in neighboring Turkey and
Iran. Government forces always succeeded in
defeating the rebels in Iraq, Turkey and Iran. Though
Kurds in Iraq and Iran did enjoy some successes, they
almost always came with the aid of foreign nations.
When the foreign aid eventually is withdrawn, the
Kurds’ success, historically, also fades
away.
Kurdish
Revolt—1943
(July to October)-Rebellion
suppressed by the Iraqi Army and the British RAF.
Led by Mullah Mustafa Barzani.
Kurdish
Revolt--1945
(August 10 to October)-Rebellion
suppressed by the Iraqi Army and the British RAF.
Led by Mullah Mustafa Barzani, who escaped into Iran
after breaking through an Iraqi Army force. Once in Iran,
Mustafa Barzani and his forces joined the army of the new
“Mahabad Republic,” the first independent,
though in this case, (short-lived) Kurdish state.
After Mahabad’s crushing by the Iranian Army,
Barzani led his forces back into Iraq on April 28,
1947.
Kurdish
Campaign
—1947
(May 27 to June 15)-
After returning to Iraq from the failed Mahabad Republic,
Iraqi government persecution (arrests, executions, etc.)
caused Mustafa Barzani and 496 followers to begin a
fighting retreat from the Barzan region in northern Iraq
through Turkey and into Iran in an attempt to reach the
Soviet Union. They reached the U.S.S.R. on June 15, 1947,
followed in hot pursuit by the Iranian Army.
(O’Ballance, 1973).
Iraqi Kurdish
Revolt—(1961-1970)
–After a period of relative calm, Iraqi government
promises of Kurdish autonomy, or self-rule, went
unfulfilled, sparking discontent and eventual rebellion
among the Kurds in 1961.
Intra-Iraqi
Kurdish warfare
(1978-1979) –In 1975, Jalal Talabani formed the
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK)-urban-based and
leftist) in opposition the Barzani-led Kurdish Democratic
Party (KDP).
Kurdish
Revolt—1983-1988
–During the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), Iraqi Kurds,
aided by Iran, fought against Iraqi government forces. In
1987 and 1988, the Iraqi military used chemical weapons
to kill thousands of Kurds (including many civilians) in
a successful effort to break the back of the
resistance.
Kurdish
Revolt—1983-1988
–During the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), Iraqi Kurds,
aided by Iran, fought against Iraqi government forces. In
1987 and 1988, the Iraqi military used chemical weapons
to kill thousands of Kurds (including many civilians) in
a successful effort to break the back of the
resistance.
Iraqi
Kurdish Revolt—(1991)
–Encouraged by the sudden defeat of Saddam’s
forces in Kuwait and spurred by appeals by President
George H. W. Bush of the U.S., Kurds rose up against the
Iraqi government With the bulk of his elite forces having
escaped from the fighting in Kuwait and southern Iraq,
Saddam was able to smash the revolt, causing hundreds of
thousands of Kurdish refugees to flee into neighboring
Turkey and Iran to escape.
Intra-Iraqi
Kurdish warfare —(1996)
– Combat between various Kurdish
militias.
Islamic
State War--(2014-Ongoing)-The
Islamic State Jihadists attacked Kurdish areas in Iraq
during their offensive against Iraq. The Kurdish
Peshmerga forces faced their first real combat in a
generation as they defended their territory. The allies
of the Kurds in this war include the United States,
Britain, France, the Shia-dominated Iraqi government, and
Iran, among others.
References:
1.
Kohn, George C. Dictionary
of Wars.
New York: Facts On File Publications.
1999.
2. Dupuy,
R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupey. The
Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500
B.C. to the
Present
New York, New York: Harper & Row.
1993.
Iranian History
-http://www.fouman.com
See also:
Wars
of Iraq
Wars
of the Middle East
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07.04.20
