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Treaty
of Amity and Commerce Between The United
States and France; February 6,
1778 The most Christian King, and the
thirteen United States of North
America, to wit, New Hampshire,
Massachusetts Bay Rhode island,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia North-Carolina, South Carolina
& Georgia, willing to fix in an
equitable and permanent manner the
Rules which ought to be followed
relative to the Correspondence &
Commerce which the two Parties desire
to establish between their respective
Countries, States, and Subjects, hi
most Christian Majesty and the, said
United States have judged that the said
End could not b, better obtained than
by taking for the Basis of their
Agreement the most perfect Equality and
Reciprocity, and by carefully avoiding
all those burthensome Preferences,
which are usually Sources of Debate,
Embarrasment and Discontent; by leaving
also each Party at Liberty to make,
respecting Commerce and Navigation,
those interior Regulations which it
shall find most convenient to itself;
and by founding the Advantage of
Commerce solely upon reciprocal
Utility, and the just Rules of free
Intercourse; reserving withal to each
Party the Liberty of admitting at its
pleasure other Nations to a
Participation of the same Advantages.
It is in the Spirit of this Intention,
and to fulfil these Views, that his
said Majesty having named and appointed
for his Plenipotentiary Conrad
Alexander Gerard, Royal Sindic of the
City of Strasbourg, Secretary of his
Majesty's Council of State, and the
United States on their Part, having
fully impower'd Benjamin Franklin
Deputy from the State of Pennsylvania
to the general Congress, and President
of the Convention of said State, Silas
Deane late Deputy from the State of
Connecticut to the said Congress, and
Arthur Lee Councellor at Law; The said
respective Plenipotentiaries after
exchanging their Powers, and after
mature Deliberation, have concluded and
agreed upon the following Articles. ARTICLE. 1.st There shall be a firm, inviolable
and universal Peace, and a true and
sincere Friendship between the most
Christian King, his Heirs and
Successors, and the United States of
America; and the Subjects of the most
Christian King and of the said States;
and between the Countries, Islands,
Cities, and Towns, situate under the
Jurisdiction of the most Christian
King, and of the said United States,
and the people and Inhabitants of every
Degree, without exception of Persons or
Places; & the Terms herein after
mentioned shall be perpetual between
the most Christian King his Heirs and
Successors and the said United
States. ART. 2.nd The most Christian King, and the
United States engage mutually not to
grant any particular Favor to other
Nations in respect of Commerce and
Navigation, which shall not immediately
become common to the other Party, who
shall enjoy the same Favor freely, if
the Concession was freer made, or on
allowing the same Compensation, if the
Concession was Conditional. ART. 3.d The Subjects of the most Christian
King shall pay in the Port Havens,
Roads, Countries I lands, Cities or
Towns, of the United States or any of
them, no other or greater Duties or
Imposts of what Nature soever they may
be, or by what Name soever called, than
those which the Nations most favoured
are or shall be obliged to pay; and
they shall enjoy all the Rights,
Liberties, Privileges, Immunities and
Exemptions in Trade, Navigation and
Commerce, whether in passing from one
Port in the said States to another, or
in going to and from the same, from and
to any Part of the World, which the
said Nations do or shall enjoy. ART. 4. The Subjects, People and Inhabitants
of the said United States, and each of
them, shall not pay in the Ports,
Havens Roads Isles, Cities & Places
under the Domination of his most
Christian Majesty in Europe, any other
or greater Duties or Imposts, of what
Nature soever, they may be, or by what
Name soever called, that those which
the most favoured Nations are or shall
be obliged to pay; & they shall
enjoy all the Rights, Liberties,
Privileges, Immunities &
Exemptions, in Trade Navigation and
Commerce whether in passing from one
Port in the said Dominions in Europe to
another, or in going to and from the
same, from and to any Part of the
World, which the said Nation do or
shall enjoy. ART. 5. In the above Exemption is
particularly comprised the Imposition
of 100 Sols pr Ton, established in
France on foreign Ships; unless when
the Ships of the United States shall
load with the Merchandize of France for
another Port of the same Dominion, in
which Case the said Ships shall pay the
Duty abovementioned so long as other
Nations the most favour'd shall be
obliged to pay it. But it is understood
that the said United States or any of
them are at Liberty when they shall
judge it proper, to establish a Duty
equivalent in the same Case. ART. 6. The most Christian King shall
endeavour by all the means in his Power
to protect and defend all Vessels and
the Effects belonging to the Subjects,
People or Inhabitants of the said
United States, or any of them, being in
his Ports Havens or Roads or on the Sea
near to his Countries, Islands Cities
or Towns and to recover and restore to
the right owners, their agents or
Attornies all such Vessel &
Effects, which shall be taken within
his Jurisdiction; and the Ships of War
of his most Christian Majesty or any
Convoys sailing under his authority
shall upon all Occasions take under
their Protection all Vessels belonging
to the Subjects, People or Inhabitants
of the said United States, or any of
them & holding the same Course or
going the same Way, and shall defend
such Vessels, as long as they hold the
same Course or go the same way, against
all Attacks, Force and Violence in the
same manner, as they ought to protect
and defend the Vessels belonging to the
Subjects of the most Christian
King. ART. 7. In like manner the said United
States and their Ships of War sailing
under their Authority shall protect and
defend, conformable to the Tenor of the
preceeding Article, all the Vessels and
Effect belonging to the Subjects of the
most Christian King; and use al their
Endeavours to recover cause to be
restored the said Vessels and Effects,
that shall have been taken within the
Jurisdiction of the said United State
or any of them. ART. 8. The most Christian King will employ
his good Offices and Interposition with
the King or Emperor of Morocco or Fez,
the Regencies of Algier, Tunis and
Tripoli, or with any of them, and also
with every other Prince, State or Power
of the Coast of Barbary in Africa, and
the Subjects of the said King Emperor,
States and Powers, and each of them; in
order to provide as fully and
efficaciously as possible for the
Benefit, Conveniency and Safety of the
said United States, and each of them,
their Subjects, People, and
Inhabitants, and their Vessels and
Effects, against all Violence, Insult,
Attacks, or Depredations on the Part of
the said Princes and States of Barbary,
or their Subjects. ART. 9. The Subjects, Inhabitants,
Merchants, Commanders of Ships Masters
and Mariners of the States, Provinces,
and Dominions of each Party
respectively shall abstain and forbear
to fish in all Places possessed or
which shall be possessed by the other
Party: The most Christian Kings
Subjects shall not fish in the Havens,
Bays, Creeks, Roads Coasts or Places,
which the said united States hold or
shall hereafter hold; and in like
manner the Subjects, People and
Inhabitants of the said United States
shall not fish in the Havens Bays,
Creeks, Roads, Coasts or Places, which
the most Christian King possesses or
shall hereafter possess; and if any and
if any Ship or Vessel shall be found
fishing contrary to the Tenor of this
Treaty, the said Ship or Vessel with
its lading, proof being made thereof,
shall be confiscated. It is however
understood, that the Exclusion
stipulated in the present Article shall
take place only so long, and so far as
the most Christian King or the United
States shall not in this respect have
granted an Exemption to some other
Nation. ART. 10. The United States their Citizens and
Inhabitants shall never disturb the
Subjects, of the most Christian King in
the Enjoyment and Exercise of the Right
of Fishing on the Banks of
Newfoundland; nor in the indefinite and
exclusive Right which belongs to them
on that Part of the Coast of that
Island which is designed by the Treaty
of Utrecht; nor in the Rights relative
to all and each of the Isles which
belong to his most Christian Majesty;
the whole conformable to the true Sense
of the Treaties of Utrecht and
Paris. ART. 11. (1) It is agreed and concluded that
there shall never be any Duty imposed
on the Exportation of the Mellasses
that may be taken by the Subjects of
any of the United States from the
Islands of America which belong or may
hereafter appertain to his most
Christian Majesty. ART. 12. (2) In compensation of the Exemption
stipulated by the preceeding Article,
it is agreed and concluded that there
shall never be any Duties imposed on
the Exportation of any kind of
Merchandize which the Subjects of his
most Christian Majesty may take from
the Countries and Possessions present
or future of any of the thirteen United
States, for the Use of the Islands
which shall furnish Mellasses. ART 13 [11]. The Subjects and Inhabitants of the
said United States, or any one of them,
shall not be reputed Aubains in France,
& consequently shall be exempted
from the Droit d'Aubaine or other
similar Duty under what name soever.
They may by Testament, Donation, or
otherwise dispose of their Goods
moveable and immoveable in favour of
such Persons as to them shall seem
good; and their Heirs, Subjects of the
Said United States, residing whether in
France or elsewhere, may succeed them
ab intestat, without being obliged to
obtain Letters of Naturalization, and
without having the Effect of this
Concession contested or impeded under
Pretext of any Rights or Prerogatives
of Provinces, Cities, or Private
Persons. And the said Heirs, whether
such by particular Title, or ab
intestat, shall be exempt from all Duty
called Droit de Detraction, or other
Duty of the same kind; saving
nevertheless, the local Rights or
Duties as much and as long as similar
ones are not established by the United
States or any of them. The Subjects of
the most Christian fling shall enjoy on
their Part, in all the Dominions of the
sd. States, an entire and perfect
Reciprocity relative to the
Stipulations contained in the present
Article. But it is at the same Time agreed
that its Contents shall not affect the
Laws made or that may be made hereafter
in France against Emigrations, which
shall remain in all their Force and
Vigour; and the United States on their
Part, or any of them, shall be at
Liberty to enact such Laws relative to
that Matter, as to them shall seem
proper. ART. 14 [12]. The merchant Ships of either of the
Parties, which shall be making into a
Port belonging to the Enemy of the
other Ally and concerning whose Voyage
& the Species of Goods on board her
there shall be just Grounds of
Suspicion shall be obliged to exhibit
as well upon the high Seas as in the
Ports and Havens not only her
Passports, but likewise Certificates
expressly strewing that her Goods are
not of the Number of those, which have
been prohibited as contraband ART. 15 [13]. If by the exhibiting of the above
said Certificates, the other Party
discover there are any of those Sorts
of Goods, which are prohibited and
declared contraband and consigned for a
Port under the Obedience of his
Enemies, it shall not be lawful to
break up the Hatches of such Ship, or
to open any Chest, Coffers, Packs,
Casks, or any other Vessels found
therein, or to remove the smallest
Parcels of her Goods, whether such Ship
belongs to the Subjects of France or
the Inhabitants of the said United
States, unless the lading be brought on
Shore in the presence of the Officers
of the Court of Admiralty and an
Inventory thereof made; but there shall
be no allowance to sell, exchange, or
alienate the same in any manner untill
after that due and lawful Process shall
have been had against such prohibited
Goods and the Court of Admiralty shall
by a Sentence pronounced, have
confiscated the same: saving always as
well the Ship itself as any other Goods
found therein, which by this Treaty are
to be esteemed free: neither may they
be detained on presence of their being
as it were infected by the prohibited
Goods, much less shall they be
confiscated as lawful Prize: But if not
the whole Cargo, but only part thereof
shall consist of prohibited or
contraband Goods and the Commander of
the Ship shall be ready and willing to
deliver them to the Captor, who has
discovered them, in such Case the
Captor having received those Goods
shall forthwith discharge the Ship and
not hinder her by any means freely to
prosecute the Voyage, on which she was
bound. But in Case the Contraband
Merchandiscs, cannot be all receiv'd on
board the Vessel of the Captor, then
the Captor may, notwithstanding the
Offer of delivering him the Contraband
Goods, carry the Vessel into the
nearest Port agreable to what is above
directed. ART. 16 [14]. On the contrary it is agreed, that
whatever shall be found to be laden by
the Subjects and Inhabitants of either
Party on any Ship belonging to the
Enemys of the other or to their
Subjects, the whole although it be not
of the Sort of prohibited Goods may be
confiscated in the same manner, as if
it belonged to the Enemy, except such
Goods and Merchandizes as were put on
board such Ship before the Declaration
of War, or even after such Declaration,
if so be it were done without knowledge
of such Declaration. So that the Goods
of the Subjects and People of either
Party, whether they be of the Nature of
such as are prohibited or otherwise,
which, as is aforesaid were put on
board any Ship belonging to an Enemy
before the War, or after the
Declaration of the same, without the
knowledge of it, shall no ways be
liable to confiscation, but shall well
and truely be restored without Delay to
the proprietors demanding the same; but
so as that, if the said Merchandizes be
contraband, it shall not be any Ways
lawful to carry them afterwards to any
Ports belonging to the Enemy. The two
contracting Parties agree, that the
Term of two Months being passed after
the Declaration of War, their
respective Subjects, from whatever Part
of the World they come, shall not plead
the Ignorance mentioned in this
Article. ART. 17 [15]. And that more effectual Care may be
taken for the Security of the Subjects
and Inhabitants of both Parties, that
they suffer no injury by the men of War
or Privateers of the other Party, all
the Commanders of the Ships of his most
Christian Majesty & of the said
United States and all their Subjects
and Inhabitants shall be forbid doing
any Injury or Damage to the other Side;
and if they act to the contrary, they
shall be punished and shall moreover be
bound to make Satisfaction for all
Matter of Damage, and the Interest
thereof, by reparation, under the Pain
and obligation of their Person and
Goods. ART. 18 [16]. All Ships and Merchandizes of what
Nature soever which shall be rescued
out of the hands of any Pirates or
Robbers on the high Seas, shall be
brought into some Port of either State
and shall be delivered to the Custody
of the Officers of that Port, in order
to be restored entire to the true
Proprietor, as soon as due and
sufficient Proof shall be made
concerning the Property thereof. ART. 19 [17]. It shall be lawful for the Ships of
War of either Party & Privateers
freely to carry whithersoever they
please the Ships and Goods taken from
their Enemies, without being obliged to
pay any Duty to the Officers of the
Admiralty or any other Judges; nor
shall such Prizes be arrested or
seized, when they come to and enter the
Ports of either Party; nor shall the
Searchers or other Officers of those
Places search the same or make
examination concerning the lawfulness
of such Prizes, but they may hoist Sail
at any time and depart and carry their
Prizes to the Places express'd in their
Commissions, which the Commanders of
such Ships of War shall be obliged to
shew: On the contrary no Shelter or
Refuge shall be given in their Ports to
such as shall have made Prize of the
Subjects, People or Property of either
of the Parties; but if such shall come
in, being forced by Stress of Weather
or the Danger of the Sea, all proper
means shall be vigorously used that
they go out and retire from thence as
soon as possible. ART. 20 [18]. If any Ship belonging to either of
the Parties their People or Subjects,
shall, within the Coasts or Dominions
of the other, stick upon the Sands or
be wrecked or suffer any other Damage,
all friendly Assistance and Relief
shall be given to the Persons
shipwrecked or such as shall be in
danger thereof; and Letters of safe
Conduct shall likewise be given to them
for their free and quiet Passage from
thence, and the return of every one to
his own Country. ART. 21 [19]. In Case the Subjects and Inhabitants
of either Party with their shipping
whether publick and of War or private
and of Merchants, be forced, through
Stress of Weather, pursuit of Pirates
or Enemies, or any other urgent
necessity for seeking of Shelter and
Harbour, to retreat and enter into any
of the Rivers, Bays, Roads or Ports
belonging to the other Party, they
shall be received and treated with all
humanity and Kindness and enjoy all
friendly Protection & Help; and
they shall be permitted to refresh and
provide themselves at reasonable Rates
with victuals and all things needful
for the sustenance of their Persons or
reparation of their Ships and
conveniency of their Voyage; and they
shall no Ways be detained or hindred
from returning out of the said Ports or
Roads but may remove and depart when
and whither they please without any let
or hindrance. ART. 22 [20]. For the better promoting of Commerce
on both Sides, it is agreed that if a
War shall break out between the said
two Nations, six Months after the
Proclamation of War shall be allowed to
the Merchants in the Cities and Towns,
where they live, for selling and
transporting their Goods and
Merchandizes; and if any thing be taken
from them, or any Injury be done them
within that Term by either Party or the
People or Subjects of either, full
Satisfaction shall be made for the
same. ART. 23 [21]. No Subjects of the most Christian
King shall apply for or take any
Commission or Letters of marque for
arming any Ship or Ships to act as
Privateers against the said United
States or any of them or against the
Subjects People or Inhabitants of the
said United States or any of them or
against the Property of any of the
Inhabitants of any of them from any
Prince or State with which the said
United States shall be at War. Nor
shall any Citizen Subject or Inhabitant
of the said United States or any of
them apply for or take any Commission
or letters of marque for arming any
Ship or Ships to act as Privateers
against the Subjects O f the most
Christian King or any of them or the
Property of any of them from any Prince
or State with which the said fling
shall be at War: And if any Person of
either Nation shall take such
Commissions or Letters of Marque he
shall be punished as a Pirate. ART. 24 [22]. It shall not be lawful for any
foreign Privateers, not belonging to
Subjects of the most Christian King nor
Citizens of the said United States, who
have Commissions from any other Prince
or State in enmity with either Nation
to fit their Ships in the Ports of
either the one or the other of the
aforesaid Parties, to sell what they
have taken or in any other manner
whatsoever to exchange their Ships,
Merchandizes or any other lading;
neither shall they be allowed even to
purchase victuals except such as shall
be necessary for their going to the
next Port of that Prince or State from
which they have Commissions. ART. 25 [23]. It shall be lawful for all and
singular the Subjects of the most
Christian King and the Citizens People
and Inhabitants of the said United
States to sail with their Ships with
all manner of Liberty and Security; no
distinction being made, who are the
Proprietors of the Merchandizes laden
thereon, from any Port to the places of
those who now are or hereafter shall be
at Enmity with the most Christian King
or the United States. It shall likewise
be Lawful for the Subjects and
Inhabitants aforesaid to sail with the
Ships and Merchandizes aforementioned
and to trade with the same Liberty and.
security from the Places, Ports and
Havens of those who are Enemies of both
or either Party without any Opposition
or disturbance whatsoever, not only
directly from the Places of the Enemy
afore mentioned to neutral Places; but
also from one Place belonging to an
Enemy to another place belonging to an
Enemy, whether they be under the
Jurisdiction of the same Prince or
under several; And it is hereby
stipulated that free Ships shall also
give a freedom to Goods, and that every
thing shall be deemed to be free and
exempt, which shall be found on board
the Ships belonging to the Subjects of
either of the Confederates, although
the whole lading or any Part thereof
should appertain to the Enemies of
either, contraband Goods being always
excepted. It is also agreed !' in like
manner that the same Liberty be
extended to Persons, who are on board a
free Ship, with this Effect, that
although they be Enemies to both or
either Party, they are not to be taken
out of that free Ship, unless they are
Soldiers and in actual Service of the
Enemies. ART. 26 [24]. This Liberty of Navigation and
Commerce shall extend to all kinds of
Merchandizes, excepting those only
which are distinguished by the name of
contraband; And under this Name of
Contraband or prohibited Goods shall be
comprehended, Arms, great Guns, Bombs
with the fuzes, and other things
belonging to them, Cannon Ball, Gun
powder, Match, Pikes, Swords, Lances,
Spears, halberds, Mortars, Petards,
Granades Salt Petre, Muskets, Musket
Ball, Bucklers, Helmets, breast Plates,
Coats of Mail and the like kinds of
Arms proper for arming Soldiers, Musket
rests, belts, Horses with their
Furniture, and all other Warlike
Instruments whatever. These
Merchandizes which follow shall not be
reckoned among Contraband or prohibited
Goods, that is to say, all sorts of
Cloths, and all other Manufactures
woven of any wool, Flax, Silk, Cotton
or any other Materials whatever; all
kinds of wearing Apparel together with
the Species, whereof they are used to
be made; gold & Silver as well
coined as uncoin'd, Tin, Iron, Latten,
Copper, Brass Coals, as also Wheat and
Barley and any other kind of Corn and
pulse; Tobacco and likewise all manner
of Spices; salted and smoked Flesh,
salted Fish, Cheese and Butter, Beer,
Oils, Wines, Sugars and all sorts of
Salts; & in general all Provisions,
which serve for the nourishment of
Mankind and the sustenance of Life;
Furthermore all kinds of Cotton, hemp,
Flax, Tar, Pitch, Ropes, Cables, Sails,
Sail Cloths, Anchors and any Parts of
Anchors; also Ships Masts, Planks,
Boards and Beams of what Trees soever;
and all other Things proper either for
building or repairing Ships, and all d
other Goods whatever, which have not
been worked into the form of any
Instrument or thing prepared for War by
Land or by Sea, shall not be reputed
Contraband, much less such as d have
been already wrought and made up for
any other Use; all which shall be
wholly reckoned among free Goods: as
likewise I all other Merchandizes and
things, which are not comprehended and
particularly mentioned in the foregoing
enumeration of contraband Goods: so
that they may be transported and
carried in the freest manner by
Subjects of both Confederates even to
Places belonging to an Enemy such Towns
or Places being only excepted as are at
that time beseiged, blocked up or
invested. ART. 27 [25]. To the End that all manner of
Dissentions and Quarrels may be avoided
and prevented on one Side and the
other, it is agreed, that in case
either of the Parties hereto should be
engaged in War, the Ships and Vessels
belonging to the Subjects or People of
the other Ally must be furnished with
Sea Letters or Passports expressing the
name, Property and Bulk of the Ship as
also the name and Place of habitation
of the Master or Commander of the said
Ship, that it may appear thereby, that
the Ship really & truely belongs to
the Subjects of one of the Parties,
which Passport shall be made out and
granted according to the Form annexed
to this Treaty; they shall likewise be
recalled every Year, that is if the
Ship happens to return home within the
Space of a Year. It is likewise agreed,
that such Ships being laden are to be
provided not only with Passports as
above mentioned, but also with
Certificates containing the several
Particulars of the Cargo, the Place
whence the Ship sailed and whither she
is bound, that so it may be known,.
whether any forbidden or contraband
Goods be on board the same: which
Certificates shall be made out by the
Officers of the Place, whence the Ship
set sail, in the accustomed Form. And
if any one shall think it fit or
adviseable to express in the said
Certificates the Person to whom the
Goods on board belong, he may freely do
so. ART. 28 [26]. The Ships of the Subjects and
Inhabitants of either of the Parties,
coming upon any Coasts belonging to
either of the said, Allies, but not
willing to enter into Port, or being
entered into Port and not willing to
unload their Cargoes or break Bulk,
they shall be treated according to the
general Rules prescribed or to be
prescribed relative to the Object in
Question. ART. 29 [27]. If the Ships of the said Subjects,
People or Inhabitants of either of the
Parties shall be met with either
sailing along the Coasts or on the high
Seas by any Ship of War of the other or
by any Privateers, the said Ships of
War or Privateers, for the avoiding of
any Disorder shall remain out of Cannon
Shot, and may send their Boats aboard
the Merchant Ship, which they shall so
meet with, and may enter her to number
of two or three Men only to whom the
Master or Commander of such Ship or
Vessel hall exhibit his passport
concerning the Property of the Ship
made out according to the Form inserted
in this present Treaty, and the Ship,
when she shall have shewed such
Passport shall be free and st Libert,
to pursue her Voyage, so as it shall
not be lawful to molest or search her
in any manner or to give her chase, or
force her to quit her intended ART. 30 [28]. It is also agreed that all Goods,
when once put on board the Ships or
Vessels of either of the two
contracting Parties shall be subject to
no farther Visitation; but all
Visitation or Search shall be made
before hand, and all prohibited Goods
shall be stopped on the Spot, before
the same be put on board, unless there
are manifest Tokens or Proofs of
fraudulent Practice; nor shall either
the Persons or goods of the Subjects of
his most Christian Majesty or the
United States be put under any arrest
or molested by any other kind of
Embargo for that Cause; and only the
Subject of that State, to whom the
said; Goods have been or shall be
prohibited and who shall presume to
sell or alienate such sort of Goods
shall be duly punished for the
Offense ART. 31 [29]. The two contracting Parties grant
mutually the Liberty of having each in
the Ports of the other, Consuls, Vice
Consuls, Agents and Commissaries,
whose; Functions shall be regulated by
a particular Agreement. ART. 32 [30]. And the more to favour and
facilitate the Commerce which the
Subjects of the United States may have
with France, the most Christian King
will grant them in Europe one or more
free Ports, where they may bring and
dispose of all the Produce and
Merchandize of the thirteen United
States; and his Majesty will also
continue to the Subjects of the said
States, the free Ports which have been
and are open in the french Islands of
America. Of all which free Ports, the
said Subjects of the United States
shall enjoy the Use, agreable to the
Regulations which relate to them. ART. 33 [31]. The present Treaty shall be ratified
on both Sides and the Ratifications
shall be exchanged in the Space of Six
Months, or sooner if possible. In Faith whereof the respective
Plenipotentiaries have signed the above
Articles, both in the French and
English Languages, declaring
nevertheless that the present Treaty
was originally composed and concluded
in the French Language, and they have
thereto affixed their Seals. Done at Paris, this Sixth Day of
February, one thousand seven hundred
& seventy eight C. A. GERARD, B FRANKLIN, SILAS
DEANE, and ARTHUR LEE "The
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